The interest rates on LV member loans are based on the pricing of bonds in the market. Interest rate decisions primarily rely on the so-called interest rate bridge, a methodology that calculates an interest margin over risk-free rates. Risk-free rates are assessed based on the yield on government bonds, while the interest margin is determined for each risk factor associated with member loans. Based on this, a proposal is submitted to the fund's board regarding the interest rates for member loans, and the board makes the final decision on their interest rates.
When interest rates rise, it is inevitable that the interest rates on member loans will increase to remain competitive with the fund's other investment opportunities, such as government bonds or covered bonds. Similarly, when interest rates fall, this is reflected in lower interest rates on member loans, aligning the rates with the overall interest rate trends in the country. LV aims to invest members' funds in the best possible environment, considering the interest rates set by the Central Bank of Iceland and the terms available in the bond market.
Interest rate decisions for member loans are based on a theoretical foundation.
To explain further, it is necessary to detail the assumptions behind the interest rate decisions for the bonds the fund invests in, including member loans as one of these investment options. In brief, bond pricing is calculated using a methodology that takes into account the following factors:
- Risk-free market rates: This considers the yield on government bonds in the securities markets. Risk-free rates are calculated based on an assessment of the yield curve derived from government bonds. This approach allows for the evaluation of risk-free rates for different maturities based on market conditions. The rates corresponding to the term of each loan type are then used as the risk-free rates for the respective member loan.
- Covered bond interest margin: This uses the margin on covered bonds over government bonds of the same maturity. Covered bonds issued by commercial banks are secured by collateral in diversified mortgage portfolios of the banks, sharing some characteristics with member loans. The yield demanded by investors for such bonds forms the basis for pricing member loans. For loans with variable interest rates, the shortest covered margin observed in the market or the best available estimate is used.
- Borrower risk premium: In determining the interest rates for member loans, the fund conducts a risk assessment to determine the borrower risk premium, reflecting the additional risk taken by the fund in lending to individuals compared to holding covered bonds.
- Liquidity premium: This considers whether a bond is liquid like government bonds or if a discount is likely required for sale, as with illiquid bonds. Member loans are classified as illiquid bonds, which is reflected in the interest margin.
- Administrative premium: This accounts for the cost of managing member loans, including the operation of the loan department and the involvement of the fund's specialists in asset management, risk management, or legal services, among others.
- Prepayment premium: This prices the option for the borrower to repay the loan without a prepayment fee. It is generally better for the lender to secure long-term interest rates rather than risk the loan being repaid and then having to reinvest in a less favorable bond. The right to prepayment is thus priced and reflected in the prepayment premium.
These six factors together form the assessment of the interest rates applicable to member loans. These factors change based on the nature of the securities markets at any given time. If the Central Bank of Iceland raises interest rates, the yield on government bonds is expected to increase, thereby raising the interest rates on member loans. Conversely, if the Central Bank of Iceland lowers interest rates, bond market rates generally fall, and this is reflected in lower interest rates on member loans.